How Does Solar Power Work?

The sun—that power plant in the sky—bathes Earth in ample energy to fulfill all the world’s power needs many times over. It doesn’t give off carbon dioxide emissions. It won’t run out. And it’s free.

So how on Earth can people turn this bounty of sunbeams into useful electricity?

The sun’s light (and all light) contains energy. Usually, when light hits an object the energy turns into heat, like the warmth you feel sunbathing. But when light hits certain materials the energy turns into an electrical current instead, which we can then harness for power.

Old-school solar technology uses large crystals made out of sillicon , which produces an electrical current when struck by light. Silicon can do this because the electrons in the crystal get up and move when exposed to light instead of just jiggling in place to make heat. The silicon turns a good portion of light energy into electricity, but it is expensive because big crystals are hard to grow.

Newer materials use smaller, cheaper crystals, such as copper-indium-gallium-selenide, that can be shaped into flexible films. This thin film solar technology, however, is not as good as silicon at turning light into electricity.

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